第四章 革命时代的内战 18世纪

[1] Abdul-Ahad, “ ‘Syria Is Not a Revolution Any More.’ ”

[2] Compare Viola, “Rivoluzione e guerra civile,” 24: “In un certo senso la rivoluzione sprovincializza la guerra civile.”

[3] Arendt, On Revolution, 12.

[4] 在Encyclopédie的“战争”这一词条中，同样没有提到Civil war［Guerre］。在Dictionnaire de l’Académie Fran?aise (1762)第四版中将Guerre civile,& guerre intestine定义为La guerre qui s’allume entre les peuples d’un mêmeétat。参见the ARTFL Project’s“Dictionnaires d’autrefois”。artflproject.uchicago.edu /content/dictionnaires-dautrefois.

[5] Koselleck, “Historical Criteria of the Modern Concept of Revolution,” trans.Tribe, 47, 48, 49。revolution和civil war两个概念的连续性，参见Koselleck,Critique and Crisis, 160 – 61; Bulst et al., “Revolution, Rebellion, Aufruhr,Bürgerkrieg,” esp. 712 –14, 726 –27, 778 – 80。

[6] Momigliano, “Ancient History and the Antiquarian,” 294; Goulemot, Le règne de l’histoire, 127–56.

[7] Echard, The Roman History from the Building of the City to the Perfect Settlement of the Empire by Augustus C?sar.

[8] Vertot, Histoire de la conjuration de Portugal; Vertot, Histoire des révolutions de Suède où l’on voit les changemens qui sont arrivez; Vertot, Histoire des révolutions de Portugal.

[9] Trakulhun, “Das Ende der Ming-Dynastie in China (1644).”

[10] Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 195 – 96.

[11] Vattel, Law of Nations (1758), 3.18.293, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 645.

[12] “A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled” ( July 4, 1776), in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 165.

[13] Vattel, Law of Nations 1.4.51, 3.1.1–2, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 105, 469.

[14] Ibid., 3.18.287, 290, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 641, 642.

[15] “Thomas Jefferson’s ‘Original Rough Draft’ of the Declaration of Independence,” in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 161.

[16] Vattel, Law of Nations 3.18.292, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 644 – 45. On Vattel’s doctrine of civil war, see Rech, Enemies of Mankind, 209 –13, 216 –20.

[17] Vattel, Law of Nations 3.18.293, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 645.

[18] Ibid., 3.18.295, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 648 – 49.

[19] Zurbuchen, “Vattel’s ‘Law of Nations’ and the Principle of Non-intervention”;Pitts, “Intervention and Sovereign Equality.”

[20] Vattel, Law of Nations 2.4.56, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 290 – 91.

[21] Braund, “Bernard Romans.”

[22] Romans, To the Hone. Jno. Hancock Esqre.; Romans, Philadelphia, July 12.1775.

[23] Romans, Annals of the Troubles in the Netherlands.

[24] Belcher, First American Civil War, is the exception that proves the rule.

[25] Paine, Common Sense, in Collected Writings, 25.

[26] O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided; more generally, see Armitage, “First Atlantic Crisis.”

[27] Lawson, “Anatomy of a Civil War”; Shy, People Numerous and Armed,183– 92; Wahrman, Making of the Modern Self, 223 –37, 239– 44; Simms, Three Victories and a Defeat, 593–600; Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World,11– 44; Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles, 21–53.

[28] Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World, 352.

[29] Bollan, The Freedom of Speech and Writing upon Public Affairs, Considered;with an Historical View of the Roman Imperial Laws Against Libels, 158 –59.关于Bollan对罗马史的运用，参见York, “Defining and Defending Colonial American Rights,” 213。

[30] Price, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, 91.

[31] Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 4.7.c, ed.Campbell and Skinner, 2:622.

[32] Pocock, “Political Thought in the English-Speaking Atlantic, 1760—1790,”256 –57.

[33] Newport Mercury, April 24, 1775, quoted in Breen, American Insurgents,American Patriots, 281– 82.

[34] Civil War; a Poem; Hartley, Substance of a Speech in Parliament, upon the State of the Nation and the Present Civil War with America, 19; Roebuck, Enquiry,Whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America, Ought to Be Imputed to Great Britain or America.

[35] [Jackson], Emma Corbett; Wahrman, Making of the Modern Self, 243 – 44.

[36] Cooper, introduction (1831) to Spy, 13; Larkin, “What Is a Loyalist?”

[37] Pocock, Three British Revolutions, 1641, 1688, 1776.

[38] “A Declaration…Seting Forth the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms”( July 6, 1775), in Hutson, Decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind, 96, 97(my emphasis).

[39] Lord North to George III, July 26, 1775, quoted in Marshall, Making and Unmaking of Empires, 338.

[40] Paine, Common Sense, in Collected Writings, 45 – 46.

[41] Ibid., 18 –19. Compare Howell, Twelve Several Treatises, of the Late Revolutions in These Three Kingdomes, 118, where the total of “rebellions” since 1066 is given as “near upon a hundred.”

[42] On Paine and the “republican turn” in 1776, see Nelson, Royalist Revolution,108–45.

[43] “Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled” ( July 4, 1776), in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 165, 170.

[44] Beaulac, “Emer de Vattel and the Externalization of Sovereignty.”

[45] Franklin to C. G. F. Dumas, Dec. 9, 1775, in Papers of Benjamin Franklin,22:287.

[46] Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 165, 166.

[47] Lempérière, “Revolución, guerra civil, guerra de independencia en el mundo hispánico, 1808—1825”; Adelman, “Age of Imperial Revolutions”; Pani, “Ties Unbound”; Lucena Giraldo, Naciones de rebeldes; Pérez Vejo, Elegía criolla.

[48] José María Cos, “Plan de Guerra” ( June 10, 1812), in Guedea, Textos insurgentes (1808—1821), 52–55; San Martín to Tomás Godoy Cruz, April 12,1816, quoted in John Lynch, San Martín, trans. Chaparro, 131.

[49] Baker, “Revolution 1.0,” 189; Baker, “Inventing the French Revolution,” 203,223.

[50] Snow, “Concept of Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England”; Rachum,“Meaning of ‘Revolution’ in the English Revolution (London, 1648—1660).” For an alternative view, see Harris, “Did the English Have a Script for Revolution in the Seventeenth Century?”

[51] hobbes, Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament, 389.

[52] Edelstein, “Do We Want a Revolution Without Revolution?”; compare Rey,“Révolution”; William H. Sewell Jr., “Historical Events as Transformations of Structures: Inventing Revolution at the Bastille,” in Logics of History, 225 –70.

[53] Vlassopoulos, “Acquiring (a) Historicity,” 166.

[54] Furet, “The Revolutionary Catechism,” in Interpreting the French Revolution,trans. Forster, 83.

[55] Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1851), in Selected Writings,300.

[56] Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France,26 –27 (quoting Livy, Histories 9.1.10) (my emphasis).

[57] Burke, Letter from the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, 41.

[58] Vattel, Law of Nations 3.3.36, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 488. The fuller quotation reads, “Justum est bellum, quibus necessaria; et pia arma, quibus nulla nisi in armis relinquitur spes.”

[59] Burke, “Speech on the Seizure and Confiscation of Private Property in St.Eustatius” (May 14, 1781), in Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to 1803, vol. 22, col. 231.

[60] Burke, Thoughts on French Affairs, in Further Reflections on the Revolution in France, 207.

[61] Vattel, Law of Nations 2.4.56, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 291; compare ibid.,3.16.253, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 627.

[62] Kant, “Toward Perpetual Peace,” in Practical Philosophy, trans. Gregor,319 –20; Hurrell, “Revisiting Kant and Intervention,” 198.

[63] Burke, “First Letter on a Regicide Peace” (Oct. 20, 1796), and Burke, “Second Letter on a Regicide Peace” (1796), in Revolutionary War, 1794—1797, 187,267; Armitage, Foundations of Modern International Thought, 163 – 69.

[64] 参见，例如Martin, “Rivoluzione francese e guerra civile”; Martin, “La guerre civile”; Andress, Terror; Martin, La Vendée et la Révolution。

[65] Mayer, Furies, 4 – 5.

[66] Serna, “Toute révolution est guerre d’indépendance.”

[67] Drayton, Charge, on the Rise of the American Empire, 2, 8, 15.

[68] Guizot, Histoire de la révolution d’Angleterre, depuis l’avènement de Charles Ier jusqu’a la restauration, 1:xvii: “Telle est enfin l’analogie des deux révolutions que la première n’e?t jamais été bien comprise si la seconde n’e?t éclaté.”

[69] Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848), in Marx, Selected Writings, 230 (“den mehr oder minder versteckten Bürgerkrieg innerhalb der bestehenden Gesellschaft bis zu dem Punkt, wo er in eine offene Revolution ausbricht”);Balibar, “On the Aporias of Marxian Politics.”

[70] Marx, The Civil War in France, in Marx and Engels, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), 22:158 (“und der bei Seite fleigt, sobald der Klassenkampf Bürgerkrieg auflodert”).

[71] Lenin, Clausewitz’ Werk “Vom Kriege”; Hahlweg, “Lenin und Clausewitz.”

[72] 这是Carl Schmitt的叙述。Schmitt, Theory of the Partisan, trans. Ulmen, 93.

[73] Lenin [and Grigorii Zinoviev], The Military Programme of the Proletarian Revolution (Sept. 1916), in Collected Works, 23:78. 关于列宁和季诺维也夫的小册子的语境，参见Nation, War on War, 80 – 83。

[74] Stalin (1928), quoted in Rieber, “Civil Wars in the Soviet Union,” 140.

[75] Compare Eckstein, “On the Etiology of Internal Wars,” 133; Canal, “Guerra civil y contrarrevolución en la Europa del sur en el siglo XIX,” 46.